Causas precipitantes de crisis hiperglicémicas agudas en pacientes internados en el Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital Nacional / Precipiting causes of acute hyperglycemic crisis in patients in the Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital Nacional

Introducción: las crisis hiperglicémicas agudas son las emergencias endocrinológicas más frecuentes en la práctica clínica y junto a la hipoglucemia se las describe como las complicaciones metabólicas agudas graves del paciente diabético. Objetivo: identificar las causas precipitantes de crisis hiperglicémicas agudas en pacientes internados en el Centro Médico - Hospital Nacional. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal de pacientes internados en el Centro Médico Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo de mayo 2021 a octubre del 2023. Los datos fueron obtenidos con la revisión de las fichas clínicas. Resultados: de los 100 pacientes evaluados, la crisis hiperglicémica aguda más frecuente fue la Cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) 53 %, seguida del Estado hiperosmolar hiperglicémico (EHH) 25 % y el estado mixto 22 %. Los desencadenantes más frecuentes fueron el abandono del tratamiento, debut de la enfermedad e infecciones. La mortalidad global fue del 12 %. Conclusión: la causa más frecuente de descompensación fueron el abandono del tratamiento, la diabetes de novo y procesos infecciosos.

Introduction: hyperglycemic crises are the most frequent endocrinological emergencies in clinical practice and, along with hypoglycemia, are described as serious acute metabolic complications in diabetic patients. Objective: to identify the precipiting causes of acute hyperglycemic crisis in hospitalized patients in the Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital National. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive, cross -sectional study of patients hospitalized at the Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital National, from May 2021 to October 2023. The data were obtained from a review of the clinical records. Results: Of the 100 patients evaluated, the most frequent acute hyperglycemic crisis was diabetic ketoacidosis (CAD) 53 %, followed by the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (EHH) 25 % and the mixed state 22 %. The most frequent triggers were the abandonment of treatment, disease debut and infections. Global mortality was 12 %. Conclusion: the most frequent causes of decompensations were abandoning treatment, novo diabetes and infectious processes.

Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with hypertensive crisis among Peruvian adults / Prevalencia, tendencias y factores asociados a la crisis hipertensiva en adultos peruanos / Prevalência, tendências e fatores associados à crise hipertensiva em adultos peruanos

There are few studies focused on the epidemiology of hypertensive crisis at the population level in resource-constrained settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends over time of hypertensive crisis, as well as the factors associated with this condition among adults. A secondary data analysis was carried out using the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Hypertensive crisis was defined based on the presence of systolic (≥ 180mmHg) or diastolic (≥ 110mmHg) blood pressure, regardless of previous diagnosis or medication use. The factors associated with our outcome were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression, and the trend of hypertensive crisis was evaluated using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Data from 260,167 participants were analyzed, with a mean age of 44.2 (SD: 16.9) years and 55.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 23% (95%CI: 22.7-23.4) and, among them, 5.7% (95%CI: 5.4-5.9) had hypertensive crisis, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (95%CI: 1.4-1.6). From 2014 to 2022, a significant decrease in the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was observed, from 1.7% in 2014 to 1.4% in 2022 (p = 0.001). In the multivariable model, males, increasing age, living in urban areas, high body mass index, and self-reported type 2 diabetes were positively associated with hypertensive crisis, whereas higher educational level, socioeconomic status, and high altitude were inversely associated. There is a need to improve strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension, especially hypertensive crisis.

Pocos estudios se han centrado en la epidemiología de la crisis hipertensiva a nivel poblacional en entornos de recursos limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y tendencia, a lo largo del tiempo, de la crisis hipertensiva y los factores asociados a esta condición en adultos. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios utilizando la Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de Perú. La crisis hipertensiva se definió en función de la presencia de presión arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) o diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independientemente del diagnóstico previo o del uso de medicamentos. Los factores asociados a los resultados se evaluaron mediante regresión logística multinomial, y la tendencia a la crisis hipertensiva se estimó mediante la prueba Cochran-Armitage. Los datos de 260.167 participantes, con una media de 44,2 años (DE: 16,9) y 55,5% mujeres, fueron analizados. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), de la cual el 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) tuvo crisis hipertensiva, con una prevalencia general del 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). En el período 2014-2022 se constató una disminución significativa en la prevalencia de crisis hipertensiva, del 1,7% en 2014 al 1,4% en 2022 (p = 0,001). En el modelo multivariable, el sexo masculino, el aumento de la edad, vivir en áreas urbanas, el alto índice de masa corporal y la diabetes autoinformada se asociaron positivamente con la crisis hipertensiva, mientras que mayor nivel educativo, nivel socioeconómico y elevada altitud estuvieron asociadas de manera inversa. Es necesario mejorar las estrategias para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión, especialmente de la crisis hipertensiva.

Há poucos estudos focados na epidemiologia da crise hipertensiva em nível populacional em ambientes com recursos limitados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e a tendência, ao longo do tempo, da crise hipertensiva e fatores associados a essa condição em adultos. Uma análise de dados secundários foi realizada usando a Pesquisa Demográfica de Saúde Familiar (ENDES) do Peru. Crise hipertensiva foi definida com base na presença de pressão arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) ou diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independentemente de diagnóstico prévio ou uso de medicação. Os fatores associados aos resultados foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística multinomial, e a tendência de crise hipertensiva foi avaliada pelo teste de Cochrane-Armitage. Os dados de 260.167 participantes, com média de 44,2 anos (DP: 16,9) e 55,5% mulheres, foram analisados. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), dentre eles, 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) apresentaram crise hipertensiva, com prevalência geral de 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). De 2014 a 2022, observou-se queda significativa na prevalência de crise hipertensiva, de 1,7% em 2014 para 1,4% em 2022 (p = 0,001). No modelo multivariável, sexo masculino, idade crescente, residir em área urbana, índice de massa corporal elevado e diabetes autorreferido associaram-se positivamente à crise hipertensiva, enquanto maior escolaridade, nível socioeconômico e altitude elevada associaram-se inversamente. Há necessidade de aprimorar as estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento e controle da hipertensão arterial, especialmente da crise hipertensiva.

O percurso pela atenção à crise em saúde mental na cidade do Rio de Janeiro / The journey through mental health crisis care in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Resumo O conceito de crise em saúde metal envolve uma complexa formulação multidimensional, forjada no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, que nem sempre é tomado de maneira unívoca pelos envolvidos. Contudo, há de se considerar uma rede capaz de dar respostas adequadas sobre como acolher essa situação, de maneira que o trabalho em rede é uma condição essencial dessa abordagem. Este artigo traz a discussão do manejo da crise em saúde mental nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial III (CAPS III) do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a partir da perspectiva dos gestores de saúde de nível central e local, realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas com base na Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens. Este trabalho identificou que o Rio de Janeiro apresenta um modelo de atenção à crise estruturado em rede de atenção centralizada e rede integrada, uma vez que apresenta grande integração da rede de urgência com a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), sobretudo com os CAPS III, e as situações de crises são atendidas preferencialmente em serviços específicos para seu atendimento. Ainda assim, pela perspectiva de Giddens, os CAPS III têm legitimidade para cumprir o papel de atenção à crise em saúde mental.

Abstract The concept of crisis in mental health involves a complex multidimensional formulation, forged in the context of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, which is not always taken unequivocally by those involved. However, it is necessary to consider a network capable of providing adequate answers on how to provide care in this situation; thus, networking is an essential condition of this approach. This article discusses the management of the mental health crisis in Psychosocial Care Centers III (CAPS III) in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from the perspective of central and local health care managers, via semi-structured interviews and analysis based on Giddens' Theory of Structuring. This study found that the municipality of Rio de Janeiro adopts a crisis care model structured into a centralized care network and integrated network, with an emergency network highly integrated with the Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS), especially with the CAPS III, and the crisis situations are cared for preferably in specific services. Still, from Giddens' perspective, CAPS III have the legitimacy to provide care toward mental health crisis.

O papel do CAPS I na vida de seus usuários: um estudo a partir dos itinerários terapêuticos / The role of CAPS I in the lives of its users: a study based on therapeutic itineraries / El papel del CAPS I en la vida de sus usuarios: un estudio basado en itinerarios terapéuticos

Este artigo buscou compreender, a partir do itinerário terapêutico de pessoas em sofrimento psíquico e egressas de internação psiquiátrica, a inserção do centro de atenção psicossocial como equipamento de cuidado em suas trajetórias. Trata-se de estudo inspirado na Epistemologia Qualitativa de Gonzalez Rey no qual foram realizadas entrevistas com seis pessoas, de 27 a 52 anos, em tratamento em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial tipo 1, e para análise do material transcrito foram adotados procedimentos inspirados no conceito de indicadores de González Rey e na análise temática de conteúdo. Neste artigo, foram discutidas duas categorias: (1) "O manicômio está presente" e (2) "CAPS: espaço de convivência e substituto da vida social?". Os indicadores apontaram que a internação psiquiátrica foi um recurso utilizado após inserção em CAPS, o qual é destacado mais como local de convívio do que de produção de autonomia e de desinstitucionalização. No percurso dos usuários, as internações ocorreram em hospitais gerais, hospitais especializados e comunidades terapêuticas. Os serviços de atenção primária não aparecem como ponto de cuidado à saúde mental, os serviços de urgência estão presentes na atenção às crises, dando ao CAPS contornos de um serviço para a convivência e não para o cuidado na crise. (AU)

Based on the therapeutic itinerary of individuals experiencing psychic distress and who have undergone psychiatric hospitalization, this study aimed to comprehend the integration of the Center of Psychosocial Attention as a care facility along their path. The study is inspired by Gonzalez Rey's Qualitative Epistemology, in which interviews were conducted with six individuals aged between 27 and 52, receiving treatment at a type 1 Center of Psychosocial Attention. Procedures inspired by González Rey's concept of indicators and thematic content analysis were employed to analyze the transcribed material. This paper will discuss two categories: (1) "The presence of the psychiatric hospital," and (2) "CAPS: A space for interaction and a substitute for social life?" The indicators reveal that psychiatric hospitalization was resorted to after involvement with CAPS, which is perceived more as a space for coexis-tence than for fostering autonomy and deinstitutionalization. As per the users' itineraries, hospitalizations occurred in general hospitals, specialized hospitals, and therapeutic communities. Primary care services do not emerge as a focal point for mental health care, whereas emergency services are present for crisis intervention, portraying CAPS as a service more geared towards coexistence rather than crisis management.

Este artículo buscó comprender, a partir del itinerario terapéutico de las personas en distrés psicológico y las dadas de alta de hospitalización psiqui-átrica, la inserción del centro de atención psicosocial como equipamiento de atención en sus trayectorias. Se trata de un estudio inspirado en la Epistemo-logía Cualitativa de González Rey, en el que se realizaron entrevistas a seis personas, de 27 a 52 años, en tratamiento en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial tipo 1 y para el análisis del material transcrito, procedimientos inspirados por el concepto de indicadores de González Rey y el análisis de contenido temático. En este artículo se discutirán dos categorías: (1) "Está presente el asilo" y (2) ¿"CAPS: espacio de convivencia y sustituto de la vida social?". Los indicadores señalaron que la hospitalización psiquiátrica fue un recurso utilizado después de la inserción en CAPS, que se destaca más como un lugar de socialización que para producir autonomía y desinstitucionalización. En el curso de los usuarios, los ingresos se realizaron en hospitales generales, hospitales especializados y comunidades terapéuticas. Los servicios de atención primaria no aparecen como un punto de atención en salud mental, los servicios de emergencia están presentes en la atención de crisis, dando al CAPS los contornos de un servicio de convivencia y no de atención en crisis. (AU)

Hypercalcemic crisis as a presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism / Crisis hipercalcémica como presentación de hiperpara-tiroidismo primario

Abstract Hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemic crisis (HIHC) is an unusual state of marked progressive pri mary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Patients have severe hypercalcemia and may have severe symptoms such as kidney failure, acute pancreatitis, and mental changes. PHPT is due to the presence of a single gland adenoma/ disease in 80 to 85%; parathyroid carcinoma is reported in <1%. Among patients with adenoma, atypical parathy roid tumor can be found infrequently. Parathyroidectomy is the only curative approach for PHPT. In this report we present three cases of HIHC due to giant parathyroid adenomas (GPAs), one of them with histopathological characteristics of an atypical parathyroid tumor, with satisfactory evolution after parathyroidectomy.

Resumen La crisis hipercalcémica inducida por hiperparatiroi dismo (HIHC) es un estado inusual de hiperparatiroidis mo primario progresivo y marcado (HPTP). Los pacientes tienen hipercalcemia grave y pueden tener síntomas graves como insuficiencia renal, pancreatitis aguda y cambios mentales. El HPTP se debe a la presencia de un adenoma/enfermedad de una sola glándula en 80 a 85%; el carcinoma de paratiroides se informa en <1%. Entre los pacientes con adenoma, el tumor paratiroideo atípico se puede encontrar con baja frecuencia. La paratiroidec tomía es el único abordaje curativo del HPTP. En este reporte presentamos tres casos de HIHC por adenomas paratiroideos gigantes (APGs), uno de ellos con características histopatológicas de tumor paratiroideo atípico, con evolución satisfactoria luego de paratiroidectomía.

Capacidad de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial de Alcohol y Drogas para manejar situaciones de crisis / The ability of Psychosocial Care Centers specialized in Alcohol and Drugs to handle crises / Capacidade de manejo de situações de crise por Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas

Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial de Alcohol y Otras Drogas 24 horas para manejar situaciones de crisis de las personas que consumen AOD en la atención integral. Método: estudio cuantitativo, evaluativo y longitudinal, realizado de febrero a noviembre de 2019. La muestra inicial estuvo compuesta por 121 personas que consumen AOD, que recibieron atención integral en situaciones de crisis en dos Centros de Atención Psicosocial para Alcohol y Otras Drogas 24 horas en el centro de São Paulo. Los mismos fueron reevaluados después de 14 días de atención. La capacidad para manejar la crisis se evaluó mediante un indicador validado. Los datos se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de regresión de efectos mixtos. Resultados: sesenta y siete personas que consumen AOD completaron el follow-up (54,9%). Durante la atención de las situaciones de crisis, nueve personas que consumen AOD (13,4%; p=0,470) fueron derivadas a otros servicios de la red de salud: siete por complicaciones clínicas, una por intento de suicidio y una por hospitalización psiquiátrica. La capacidad de los servicios para manejar situaciones de crisis fue del 86,6%, fue considerada positiva. Conclusión: los dos servicios evaluados fueron capaces de manejar situaciones de crisis en su área de influencia, evitando internaciones y contando con el apoyo de la red cuando fue necesario, logrando así los objetivos de desinstitucionalización.

Objective: to assess the ability of 24-hour Psychosocial Care Centers specialized in Alcohol and Other Drugs to handle the users' crises in comprehensive care. Method: a quantitative, evaluative, and longitudinal study was conducted from February to November 2019. The initial sample consisted of 121 users, who were part of the comprehensibly care in crises by two 24-hour Psychosocial Care Centers specialized in Alcohol and other Drugs in downtown São Paulo. These users were re-evaluated 14 days after admission. The ability to handle the crisis was assessed using a validated indicator. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression of mixed-effects models. Results: 67 users (54.9%) finished the follow-up period. During crises, nine users (13.4%; p=0.470) were referred to other services from the health network: seven due to clinical complications, one due to a suicide attempt, and another for psychiatric hospitalization. The ability to handle the crisis in the services was 86.6%, which was evaluated as positive. Conclusion: both of the services analyzed were able to handle crises in their territory, avoiding hospitalizations and enjoying network support when necessary, thus achieving the de-institutionalization objectives.

Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e outras Drogas 24 horas em manejar situações de crise dos usuários no acolhimento integral. Método: estudo quantitativo, avaliativo e longitudinal, realizado de fevereiro a novembro de 2019. A amostra inicial foi composta por 121 usuários, acolhidos integralmente em situações de crise por dois Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e outras Drogas 24 horas do centro de São Paulo. Estes foram reavaliados após 14 dias de acolhimento. A capacidade de manejar a crise foi avaliada por um indicador validado. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e por regressão de modelos de efeitos mistos. Resultados: sessenta e sete usuários concluíram o follow-up (54,9%). Durante o acolhimento às situações de crise, nove usuários (13,4%; p=0,470) foram encaminhados para outros serviços da rede de saúde: sete por complicações clínicas, um por tentativa de suicídio e um para internação psiquiátrica. A capacidade de manejo das situações de crise pelos serviços foi de 86,6%, avaliada como positiva. Conclusão: os dois serviços avaliados foram capazes de manejar situações de crise no próprio território, evitando internações e tendo apoio da rede quando necessário, atingindo assim, os objetivos da desinstitucionalização.

Crisis neonatales: evaluacion, diagnostico y tratamiento / Neonatal seizures: evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment

Resumen Las crisis convulsivas tienen una alta incidencia en la etapa neonatal, representando la principal manifes tación de disfunción neurológica. Ciertas condiciones fisiológicas del cerebro neonatal facilitan su aparición. Su diagnóstico puede ser un reto debido a que su semio logía no es tan clara comparado con niños mayores, y además, es necesario la confirmación por medio de EEG continuo o aEEG. Su reconocimiento oportuno es muy importante para un adecuado tratamiento y así evitar un impacto negative en el pronóstico a largo plazo. En la siguiente revisión, recapitulamos la fisiopatología, las causas y la clasificación de las crisis convulsivas neo natales, además de su correcto abordaje y las mejores opciones terapéuticas para su tratamiento dependiendo de la causa.

Abstract Seizures have a high incidence in the neonatal stage, being the main manifestation of neurological dysfunc tion. Certain physiological conditions of the neonatal brain facilitate its appearance. Its diagnosis can be a challenging because its semiology is not as clear as in older children, furthermore, confirmation by either EEG or aEEG is necessary. Its timely recognition is very im portant for adequate treatment and thus avoid a nega tive impact on the long-term outcome. In the following review, we recapitulate the pathophysiology, causes, and classification of neonatal seizures, as well as their correct approach and the best therapeutic options for their treatment depending on the cause.

Encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo. ¿Que hay de nuevo? / Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. What is new?

Resumen Este artículo no tiene como objetivo el presentar una descripción detallada de cada una de las encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo, sino más bien discutir cam bios recientes en la terminología y criterios diagnósticos de ciertas encefalopatías, en base a una revisión actua lizada de los últimos 10 años. Se analizan cambios importantes en definiciones de síndromes específicos y nuevos tratamientos que han demostrado eficacia en el manejo de crisis convulsivas en estos pacientes. En conclusión: Las nuevas terapias de modulación genética, contribuirán no solo a reducir la carga de crisis epilépticas, sino también a mejorar el pronóstico cognitivo, y por lo tanto la calidad de vida.

Abstract It is not the intend of this article to present a de tailed description of each developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, but to discuss recent changes in the terminology and diagnostic criteria of specific disorders, based on an updated review of the last 10 years. Important changes in the definitions of specific syn dromes and new treatments that have shown efficacy in the management of seizures in these patients are analyzed. In conclusion: New gene modulation therapy will likely improve not only seizure frequency, but also cog nitive outcome and therefore quality of life.

Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas / Idiopathic generalized epilepsies

Resumen Las epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) son un grupo de epilepsias generalizadas edad de pendientes, subgrupo de las Epilepsias genéticas generalizadas(EGG), con hallazgos electro-clínicos característicos y herencia poligénica. Las EGI inclu yen las cuatro epilepsias generalizadas clásicas más comunes de las EGG: la epilepsia de ausencias de la infancia (EAI), epilepsia de ausencias juveniles (EAJ), epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ) y la epilepsia con crisis tónico clónicas generalizadas. Clínicamente caracterizadas por la presencia de una o una com binación de crisis de ausencias, mioclonías, tónica-clónicas omioclónica-tónica-clónicas con patrón elec troencefalográfico de punta onda lenta de 2.5 a 6cps y activación con la hiperventilación y fotoestimula ción, Sobresalen de las EGG por compartir atributos particulares como el buen pronóstico con control frecuente de las crisis, la no evolución a encefalopa tías epilépticas, frecuente superposición clínica entre las tres primeras, pudiendo evolucionar entre ellas; la probabilidad y edad de remisión varía en cada una.Más del 80% se controlan adecuadamente con medicamentos anticrisis de amplio espectro como el ácido valproico y pueden empeorar con bloqueadores de sodio o gabaérgicos. Si bien los pacientes son previamente sanos con neurodesarrollo normal, frecuentemente se asocian con trastornos del ánimo, déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y problemas del aprendizaje pero no presentan déficit cognitivo. El reconocimiento de este grupo de EGI es importan te para el uso adecuado del recurso, evitando estudios innecesarios, adecuada orientación del pronóstico y un tratamiento óptimo.

Abstract Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) is a group of epilepsies age-dependent, a subgroup of EGG genetic generalized epilepsies, with electro-clinical features and polygenic inheritance. Four syndromes comprising the IGEs: childhood absence epilepsy (CAD), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures epilepsy. Clinically characterized by the presence of one or a combination of absence seizures, myoclonus, tonic-clonic, or myoclonic-tonic-clonic with common electroencephalographic pat terns of 2.5-5.5 Hz generalized spike-wave and activated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation. They generally have a good prognosis for seizure control, not evolve to an epileptic encephalopathy. Frequent clinical overlap between the first three, being able to evolve between them; the probability and age of remission varies in each one. About 80% responding to broad-spectrum anti-seizure drugs such as valproic acid, may worsen with sodium or GABAergic blockers. Development is typically normal; however, they are frequently associated with mood disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning dis abilities, but do not have cognitive deficits. The recognition of this group of EGI is important for the adequate use of the resources, avoiding unnecessary studies, adequate orientation of the prognosis and an optimal treatment.

Principles and Practices of Effective Food Safety Risk Communication – Introducing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework

This paper describes the principles and practices of effective food safety risk communication developed under the “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework and Associated Guidelines”. The framework recommends that effective food safety risk communication needs to be centered on the clear goal of protecting consumer health by ensuring transparency and timeliness, and communication on food safety matters should be conducted in a two-way process. It emphasizes the need to provide the public with credible information based on science and evidence and highlights that food safety is a shared responsibility among all stakeholders, including industry, government agencies, media organizations and consumers. It further highlights that food safety risk communication needs to be conducted in a consistent, systematic, inclusive, consultative, and preventative manner. The framework also indicates that effective food safety risk communication needs to pay attention to the backgrounds, experiences, and needs of concerned audiences. It stresses the importance of continuous improvement of the communication system to ensure food safety risk communication to be effective. Focusing on effective communications in response to food safety incidents, emergency or crisis situations, as well as everyday food safety communications, these principles and practical guidelines will help food safety regulators, food industry, food safety educators and other stakeholders improve their communications with target audiences.

Crisis Miasténica: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de la Literatura / Myasthenic Crisis: Case Report and Literature Review

Introducción. La crisis miasténica es la complicación más grave que sufren los pacientes con Miastenia Gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza clínicamente por debilidad muscular generalizada, que particularmente mejora con el reposo y empeora con el ejercicio debido al agotamiento de la conducción nerviosa a nivel post sináptico. El manejo de la crisis miasténica tiene como piedra angular tratar la causa desencadenante, así como utilizar los fármacos de acción rápida y los descritos en la literatura para enfrentar este escenario, como la plasmaféresis, inmunoglobulinas o terapia biológica. Además, es crucial tener un adecuado manejo desde el punto de vista ventilatorio manteniendo la protección pulmonar y sobre todo diafragmática, con las herramientas disponibles en la actualidad al lado de la cama del paciente. Asimismo, el weaning o destete del ventilador mecánico debe llevarse a cabo de manera objetiva y bajo evaluaciones específicas para lograr un desenlace optimo.

Introduction. Myasthenic crisis is the most serious complication suffered by patients with Myasthenia Gravis. This disease is clinically characterized by generalized muscle weakness, which particularly improves with rest and worsens with exercise due to depletion of nerve conduction at the post-synaptic level. The cornerstone of managing myasthenic crisis is treating the triggering cause, as well as using fast-acting drugs and interventions described in the literature to deal with this scenario, such as plasmapheresis, immunoglobulins, or biological therapy. In addition, it is imperative to ensure adecuate management from the ventilatory perspective, preserving lung function and safeguarding the diaphragm with the tools currently available at the patient's bedside. Likewise, weaning from the mechanical ventilator must be conducted objectively and guided by specific evaluations to achieve an optimal outcome.

Perioperative hypertension

The effects of hypertension on perioperative outcomes are still unclear. No specific systolic or diastolic blood pressure measurement has been determined as the cutoff value to continue with a surgical plan or adjourn. This study is designed as a narrative review of the available scientific evidence on the perioperative management of hypertension. A search was conducted in Pubmed considering the title and abstract; 120 articles were pre-selected of which 55 papers were selected for full-text eligibility and 16 were excluded for a total of 39 articles including ACCF/AHA 2009 and ACC/AHA 2014 on perioperative cardiovascular care; 2013 ESH/ESC, 8 JNC, and the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC Guideline for the Prevention, detection, and management of hypertension in adults. Blood pressure values, target organ damage, and type of surgery should be considered for decision-making in the perioperative period. If surgery is elective, blood pressure fluctuations should be avoided and potential causes should be treated. A patient with mild hypertension with values below SBP 160 and DBP 110 mmHg may be managed in the ambulatory setting during the postoperative period, as long as the clinical conditions are favorable.

Los efectos de la hipertensión sobre los desenlaces durante el periodo perioperatorio aún no han quedado claramente establecidos. No se ha determinado una medición específica para la presión sistólica ni diastólica como punto de corte para continuar con el plan quirúrgico o suspenderlo. El presente estudio está diseñado a manera de revisión narrativa de la evidencia científica disponible sobre el manejo perioperatorio de la hipertensión. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en Pubmed, considerando el título y el resumen; se preseleccionaron 120 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 55 para elegibilidad en texto completo y 16 se excluyeron, quedando un total de 39 artículos, incluyendo ACCF/AHA 2009 y ACC/AHA 2014 sobre el cuidado cardiovascular perioperatorio; 2013 ESH/ESC, 8 JNC, y la Guía del 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC para la prevención, detección y manejo de la hipertensión en adultos. Se deben considerar los valores de la presión arterial, el daño a órgano diana y el tipo de cirugía para la toma de decisiones en el periodo perioperatorio. Si la cirugía es electiva, deben evitarse las fluctuaciones en la presión arterial y tratar activamente cualquiera de las causas potenciales. Un paciente con hipertensión leve, con valores por debajo de PAS 160 y PAD 110 mmHg puede manejarse de manera ambulatoria durante el período postoperatorio, siempre y cuando las condiciones clínicas sean favorables.

Self-assumed Neurologic Related Condition Deviated Metoclopramide-Induced Acute Dystonic of Oculogyric Crisis in a Woman of Childbearing Age: A Case Report

A 26-year-old Malaysian woman (childbearing age) attended a private primary care clinic with a known case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and complained of persistent nausea and a few episodes of vomiting. She had no known drug allergy, no surgical history, no hospitalization in the last two years, was a non-smoker, and no history of drug or alcohol abuse. The patient was prescribed Tab metoclopramide 10 mg TDS and Tab ranitidine 150 mg BD for five days. About 30 min after oral administration of both medicines, her eyes rolled involuntary upward, leading to lateral deviation of the eyes, and mouth jaws clenched as if “dislocated jaws.” The patient was immediately brought into an emergency department (ED) of a public tertiary care hospital. A drug challenge test was done which resulted in the withdrawal of metoclopramide. The accompanied sister later disclosed that the patient had taken metoclopramide and ranitidine from a private clinic earlier in the day. The patient self-assumed to have a sudden seizure, due to excessive hot weather and dehydration. A slow intravenous infusion of 50 mg/mL diphenhydramine hydrochloride in 0.9% w/v NaCl 100 mL was administered stat. Consequently, the symptoms vanished after approximately 30 min of the therapy, devoid of relapse. The patient was discharged from ED post 8 hours of monitoring with complete recovery. Physicians frequently prescribe metoclopramide to treat nausea and vomiting, which may cause adverse drug reaction of acute dystonic oculogyric crisis (OGC). Due to its unwanted and unpredictable extrapyramidal symptoms, metoclopramide should be prescribed and dispensed with caution. Thorough history taking at ED is imperative for correct early diagnosis and treatment, as metoclopramide-induced dystonic OGC has a high probability of confusion with other causes of dystonia such as conversion and seizures, encephalitis, tetanus, and hypercalcemic tetany.

Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of suicidal behavior. Part 3. Suicide prevention hotlines

Crisis hotlines are direct communication systems, usually telephone-based, set up to prevent suicide. However, few studies have evaluated their effectiveness. The present study aims to perform a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, of the effectiveness of interventions through direct communication systems to reduce the number of suicides or suicide attempts. We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, SciELO, and ClinicaTrials.gov databases, and used the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence classification. The literature search yielded 267 studies, of which 35 fulfilled the selection criteria. Although significant heterogeneity was found among studies, there is evidence that direct telephone interventions are effective when included in broader preventive protocols and provided by trained staff. Despite the limitations, which included heterogeneity of samples, designs, and outcome measures, we were able to design a protocol for the use of remote services to prevent suicide and suicide attempts. A hotline or similar system could be an effective intervention for broader suicide prevention programs. However, further research is necessary to specify which protocol components are key to enhance effectiveness. Systematic review registry number: PROSPERO CRD42020206517

Reflection on the construction of psychological crisis intervention system for college students under the background of "E (epidemic)" era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This study deeply explores the cause of high incidence of PHE-associated psychological crisis in college students, and advocates the teaching management staffs to take full advantage of the present information technology on college students' psychological assessment, daily psychological education, and related information collection, with the current college information construction platforms. The aim is to build an early warning and intervention mechanism that is susceptible to college students' psychological crisis, and to better protect the mental health of college students.

Psychosocial crisis intervention for coronavirus disease 2019 patients and healthcare workers / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Shelter hospital was an alternative way to provide large-scale medical isolation and treatment for people with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to various reasons, patients admitted to the large shelter hospital was reported high level of psychological distress, so did the healthcare workers. This study aims to introduce a comprehensive and multifaceted psychosocial crisis intervention model.@*METHODS@#The psychosocial crisis intervention model was provided to 200 patients and 240 healthcare workers in Wuhan Wuchang shelter hospital. Patient volunteers and organized peer support, client-centered culturally sensitive supportive care, timely delivery of scientific information about COVID-19 and its complications, mental health knowledge acquisition of non-psychiatric healthcare workers, group activities, counseling and education, virtualization of psychological intervention, consultation and liaison were exhibited respectively in the model. Pre-service survey was done in 38 patients and 49 healthcare workers using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item (PHQ-2) scale, and the Primary Care PTSD screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (PC-PTSD-5). Forty-eight healthcare workers gave feedback after the intervention.@*RESULTS@#The psychosocial crisis intervention model was successfully implemented by 10 mental health professionals and was well-accepted by both patients and healthcare workers in the shelter hospital. In pre-service survey, 15.8% of 38 patients were with anxiety, 55.3% were with stress, and 15.8% were with depression; 16.3% of 49 healthcare workers were with anxiety, 26.5% were with stress, and 22.4% were with depression. In post-service survey, 62.5% of 48 healthcare workers thought it was very practical, 37.5% thought more practical; 37.5% of them thought it was very helpful to relief anxiety and insomnia, and 27.1% thought much helpful; 37.5% of them thought it was very helpful to recognize patients with anxiety and insomnia, and 29.2% thought much helpful; 35.4% of them thought it was very helpful to deal with patients' anxiety and insomnia, and 37.5% thought much helpful.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Psychological crisis intervention is feasible, acceptable, and associated with positive outcomes. Future tastings of this model in larger population and different settings are warranted.

One case report of adrenal crisis with difficulty in weaning after lumbar spinal canal decompression surgery / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Adrenocortical crisis (AC) is a kind of endocrine emergency, often occurs in infection, shock, trauma, or postoperative, if the processing is not handling timely, can endanger patient's life.But as the disease is not common and the clinical symptoms are not typical,so it is easy to be misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.This case was a "lumbar spinal canal decompression surgery" patient, who appeared postoperative confusion, oxygenation decline,and could not seperated from breathing machine, clinical manifestations were atypical.

Research progress of Posner-Schlossman syndrome / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Posner-Schlossman syndrome(PSS)is a sporadic and recurrent self-limiting anterior uveitis, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. It was considered to be a prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory response. In recent years, it has been found to be related to viral infection, immune genetics, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and other factors. Clinically, the disease is predominantly unilateral. The patients with PSS suffer from increased intraocular pressure, mild pain in the affected eye, as well as blurred vision, and irisopsia. Seldom damage to the optic nerve and visual field was reported. The commonly treatment of PSS is local medication, such as anti-inflammatory drugs and intraocular pressure lowering drugs; otherwise systemic medication can be employed in severe cases. Surgical treatment can be performed for PSS if uncontrolled intraocular pressure elevation, frequent attacks, and optic nerve damage and visual field defect due to prolonged disease course. Early diagnosis and treatment of PSS can effectively reduce glaucoma-related damages. This review discussed the research progress of PSS from various aspects, aiming to provide references for the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Hypercalcium crisis and postoperative hungry bone syndrome caused by primary hyperparathyroidism: a case report / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

To review the diagnosis and treatment of a case of hypercalcium crisis caused by primary hyperparathyroidism（PHPT） and prophylactic treatment of hungry bone syndrome. In a 32-year-old male with hypercalcemia, the main manifestations were loss of appetite, nausea, polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, lethargy, etc. parathyroid hormone, serum calcium increased, thyroid function was normal, thyroid color ultrasound and MRI showed space-occupying behind the right thyroid, radionuclide examination showed abnormal imaging agent concentration in the right parathyroid area, there was a history of pathological fracture. Clinically diagnosed as hypercalcemia crisis secondary to PHPT.

Balint groups using the "coletivos em saúde mental" m-health app during covid-19 / Grupos balint utilizando la aplicación de m-health llamada "coletivos em saúde mental" durante covid-19 / Grupos balint com o uso do aplicativo m-health coletivos em saúde mental na covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Balint groups with health professionals using an m-Health device called "Coletivos em Saúde Mental", during the SARS-COV-2. Method: a quasi-experimental pilot study, developed in three phases: initial assessment; longitudinal monitoring and reassessment. Eight health professionals participated in the study, mean age of 35.5 years old, of different genders and with various schooling levels. The instruments used were the following: Demographic questionnaire; Mental health; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; COVID-19 Fear Scale; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Balint interventions totaled 24 sessions using an m-Health device between December 2021 to February 2022. Results: the health assessment indicated mental distress: before, 75%; after, 50% (mean, 1.70±0.05 vs 1.54±0.05; SD=0.378; 0.377; p=0.387); depression: before, 62.5%; after, 12.5% (mean, 1.91±0.05 vs 1.50±0.05; SD=0.688; 0.497; p=0.242); anxiety: before, 50%; after, 37.5% (mean, 1.71±0.05 vs 1.98±0.05; SD=0.703; 0.624; p=0.208); stress: before, 75%; after, 37.5% (mean, 2.36±0.05 vs 1.98±0.05; SD=0.697; 0.547; p=0.260); COVID-19 fear: before, from 14 to 31; after, from 10 to 26 (mean, 3.57±0.05 vs 2.82±0.05; SD=1.043; 1.038; p=0.005), with a 100% reduction; post-traumatic stress disorder, re-experiencing the trauma: before, 37.5%; after, 12.5%; avoidance: before, 25%; after, 25%; hyperstimulation: before, 25%; after, 12.5% (mean, 2.11±0.05 vs 1.66±0.05; SD=0.734; 0.615; p=0.133). Conclusion: the findings of this study show the potential of Balint groups to promote health professionals' mental health. These results cannot be generalized and further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of Balint groups.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el potencial de eficacia de los grupos Balint con profesionales de salud utilizando un dispositivo de m-Health llamado "Coletivos em Saúde Mental" durante la SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: estudio piloto cuasiexperimental, desarrollado en tres fases: evaluación inicial; seguimiento longitudinal; y segunda evaluación después de la intervención. Los participantes del estudio fueron ocho profesionales de salud, 35,5 años. Se utilizaron: un Cuestionario demográfico; Salud mental; Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés; Escala de miedo al COVID-19; y Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Las intervenciones Balint totalizaron 24 sesiones, utilizando el dispositivo m-Health, entre diciembre de 2021 y febrero de 2022. Resultados: la evaluación indicó padecimiento mental: antes, 75%; después, 50% (media, 1,70±0,05 vs 1,54±0,05; DE=0,378; 0,377; p=0,387); depresión: antes, 62,5%; después, 12,5% (media, 1,91±0,05 vs 1,50±0,05; DE=0,688; 0,497; p=0,242); ansiedad: antes, 50%; después, 37,5% (media, 1,71±0,05 vs 1,98±0,05; DP=0,703; 0,624; p=0,208); y estrés: antes, 75%; después, 37,5% (media, 2,36±0,05 vs 1,98±0,05; DE=0,697; 0,547; p=0,260); miedo al COVID-19: antes, de 14 a 31; después, de 10 a 26 (media, 3,57±0,05 vs 2,82±0,05; De=1,043; 1,038; p=0,005), con 100% de reducción; Trastorno por Estrés Post-Traumático, "reexperiencia del trauma": antes, 37,5%; después, 12,5%; "evitación": antes, 25%; después, 25%; "hiperestimulación": antes, 25%; después, 12,5% (media, 2,11±0,05 vs 1,66±0,05; DP=0,734; 0,615; p=0,133). Conclusión: los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran el potencial de los grupos Balint. Estos resultados no pueden generalizarse y se requieren más trabajos de investigación para evaluar la eficacia de los grupos.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o potencial de eficácia dos grupos Balint com profissionais da saúde com dispositivo m-Health Coletivos em Saúde Mental, na Sars-COV-2. Método: estudo piloto quase-experimental, desenvolvido em três fases: avaliação inicial, acompanhamento longitudinal e reavaliação. Participaram do estudo oito profissionais da saúde, média de 35,5 anos, de diferentes sexos e escolaridade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário demográfico; Avaliação da saúde mental; Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse; Escala de medo do Covid-19; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. As intervenções Balint totalizaram 24 sessões, com o uso de dispositivo m-Health, entre dezembro de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022. Resultados: A avaliação indicou sofrimento mental, pré 75%; pós 50% (média, 1,70±0,05 vs 1,54±0,05; DP=0,378; 0,377; p=0,387); depressão, pré 62,5%; pós 12,5% (média, 1,91±0,05 vs 1,50±0,05; DP=0,688; 0,497; p=0,242); ansiedade, pré 50%; pós 37,5% (média, 1,71±0,05 vs 1,98±0,05; DP=0,703; 0,624; p=0,208); estresse, pré 75%; pós 37,5% (média, 2,36±0,05 vs 1,98±0,05; DP=0,697; 0,547; p=0,260); medo da Covid-19, pré= 14 a 31; pós=10 a 26 (média, 3,57±0,05 vs 2,82±0,05; DP=1,043; 1,038; p=0,005), com redução do medo em 100%; transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, reexperiência do trauma, pré 37,5%; pós 12,5%; evitação, pré 25%; pós 25%; hiperestimulação, pré 25%; pós 12,5% (média, 2,11±0,05 vs 1,66±0,05; DP=0,734; 0,615; p=0,133). Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo demonstram o potencial dos grupos Balint para fomentar a saúde mental dos profissionais da saúde. Esses resultados não podem ser generalizados e outras pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar a eficácia dos grupos Balint.